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Mining and minerals in South Africa

South Africa is a world leader in mining. The country is famous for its abundance of mineral resources, accounting for a significant proportion of world production and reserves, and South African mining companies are key players in the global industry.

• Mineral wealth
• Contribution to the economy
• Beneficiation and other policies
• Black economic empowerment
• Nationalisation
• Junior and small-scale mining

Mineral wealth

South Africa’s total reserves remain some of the world’s most valuable, with an estimated worth of R20.3-trillion ($2.5-trillion). Overall, the country is estimated to have the world’s fifth-largest mining sector in terms of GDP value.

It has the world’s largest reserves of manganese and platinum group metals (PGMs), according to the US Geological Survey, and among the largest reserves of gold, diamonds, chromite ore and vanadium.

With South Africa’s economy built on gold and diamond mining, the sector is an important foreign exchange earner, with gold accounting for more than one-third of exports. In 2009, the country’s diamond industry was the fourth largest in the world. South Africa is also a major producer of coal, manganese and chrome.

There is considerable potential for the discovery of other world-class deposits in areas yet to be exhaustively explored. South Africa’s prolific mineral reserves include precious metals and minerals, energy minerals, non-ferrous metals and minerals, ferrous minerals, and industrial minerals.

Given its history and mineral wealth, it is no surprise that the country’s mining companies are key players in the global industry. Its strengths include a high level of technical and production expertise, and comprehensive research and development activities.

World-class primary processing facilities work with carbon steel, stainless steel, aluminium, gold and platinum. South Africa is also a world leader of new technologies, such as a ground-breaking process that converts low-grade superfine iron ore into high- quality iron units.

Contribution to the economy

With the growth of South Africa's secondary and tertiary industries, the relative contribution of mining to South Africa's gross domestic product (GDP) has declined over the past 10 to 20 years.

Nonetheless, the industry is continually adapting to changing local and international world conditions, and remains a cornerstone of the economy, making a significant contribution to economic activity, job creation and foreign exchange earnings. Mining and its related industries are critical to South Africa's socio-economic development.

The sector accounts for roughly one-third of the market capitalisation of the JSE, and continues to act as a magnet for foreign investment in the country.

Mining, according to the Chamber of Mines:

• Creates one million jobs (500 000 direct and 500 000 indirect).
• Accounts for about 18% of GDP (8.6% direct, 10% indirect and induced).
• Is a critical earner of foreign exchange at more than 50%.
• Accounts for 20% of investment (12% direct).
• Attracts significant foreign savings (R1.9-trillion or 43% of value of JSE).
• Accounts for 13.2% of corporate tax receipts (R17-billion in 2010) and R6-billion in royalties.
• Accounts for R441-billion in expenditures, R407-billion spent locally.
• Accounts for R78-billion spent in wages and salaries.
• Accounts for 50% of volume of Transnet’s rail and ports.
• Accounts for 94% of electricity generation via coal power plants.
• Takes 15% of electricity demand.
• About 37% of the country’s liquid fuels via coal.

The chamber says total mining expenditure in 2010 was R441-billion, of which:

• R228.4-billion was spent on purchases and operating costs (timber, steel, explosives, electricity, transport, uniforms, etc.
• R78.4-billion went on salaries and wages for mine employees.
• R49-billion on Capex (the lifeblood of mining).
• R17.1-billion in tax.
• R16.2-billion in dividends (only 3.7% of total).
• R38-billion on depreciation and impairments.
• R13-billion on interest to the banks.

Of this, R409-billion (92%) was spent locally, and the spending multipliers created as much economic value and jobs as the direct mining sector contributed. In addition, the listed mining companies represent more than 30% of the market capitalisation of the Johannesburg Stock Exchange.

There are other contributions to the economy: extraction-related industries are a key driver of the Johannesburg Stock Exchange, representing 42%, or R1.9-trillion, of its value. Mining also provides the feedstock for about 94% of the country’s electricity generating capacity.

The value of total sales increased by 24.8% to R302.2-billion ($37-billion) in 2010, and the three top-selling minerals – PGMs, coal and gold – accounted for 66.3% of total mineral sales.

South Africa’s mineral reserves are well-mapped, but despite having the world’s largest in situ value of mineral resources, the country only accounts for 3% of total greenfield mining projects planned for the next decade.

Beneficiation and other policies

In the 2011/12 Fraser Institute Survey, South Africa was ranked 54th out of 93 countries and provinces (from 67th out of 79 the year before). The Fraser Institute, a leading Canadian think tank, measures the policy attractiveness of mining destinations by polling mining company executives.

Lucrative opportunities exist for downstream processing and adding value locally to iron, carbon steel, stainless steel, aluminium, PGMs and gold. A wide range of materials is available for jewellery, other than gold, platinum and diamonds; there is also tiger’s eye, and many other semiprecious stones.

For this purpose, the government has developed a minerals beneficiation strategy as a key area for potential growth. It is planned to transform the industry from being largely resource-based to knowledge-based. Downstream activities are already well-developed, and downstream products from the industry used locally include cement, steel, liquid fuels, electricity, polymers and plastics, with an estimated total sales value of R200- billion ($24.6-billion).

South Africa's beneficiation strategy compliments other government programmes, and the mining industry value chain has been prioritised as an economic growth node in the New Growth Path, which highlights a path for the industry out of its depression until 2020.

• Download a copy of the New Growth Path

The Mining Industry Growth Development and Employment Task Team (Migdett) was established at the height of the global financial crisis in 2008, with stakeholders from the government, industry, and labour. They committed to achieve two critical outcomes:

• to help the industry manage the negative effects of the global economic crisis and to save jobs; and
• to position the industry for growth and transformation in the medium to long term.

Other relevant policies targeting growth in the mining industry include:

• The National Industrial Policy Framework
• The Industrial Policy Action Plan (IPAP 2).

Black economic empowerment

By the end of 2011, South Africa’s mining industry was the largest contributor of economic transformation, with broad-based black economic empowerment (BBBEE) deals worth R150-billion completed. Black economic empowerment targets apply to all companies in the country, meaning a certain percentage of local assets must be sold to black South Africans.

But with black ownership of the mining sector at 8.9% in 2009 – well below the target of 15% by 2007 – the government is putting significant pressure on mines to reach the next target of 26% by 2014.

Nationalisation

The nationalisation debate holds sway over the industry and investment in it, despite the government and the ruling African National Congress repeatedly stating that nationalisation of mines is not policy. The party’s Youth League and other groups have called for mines to be nationalised, and there are ongoing debates about licences, royalties and ownership.

In August 2012, President Jacob Zuma told a meeting of diplomats that South Africa had rejected the proposal of a blanket nationalisation of mines, and would instead focus on proposals that sought to ensure the country benefitted more from mining without disrupting the sector. State involvement could take the form of part ownership or full ownership of mines for selected minerals to help drive development programmes.

There is also a proposal for a tax on windfall profits on mining. Zuma said this would help facilitate economic growth and employment creation. A final policy is expected to be adopted for implementation in December.

• See also: Nationalising mines not on the table, says Mining Minister

Junior sector and small-scale mining

The junior mining sector in South Africa was born of new legislation in the form of the Mining and Petroleum Resources Development Act of 2006. The law enforced a "use it or lose it" principle, stipulating that mining rights not used by mining companies to exploit minerals in the ground would revert back to the state.

Unused mining rights held by mining groups, but not used for years, were awarded to newly established junior companies that showed themselves to be true mining entrepreneurs.

The Nedbank South African Junior Mining and Exploration Index, established in September 2006, provides a measure of performance of all the South African listed junior mining and exploration stocks, excluding oil and gas. To meet investor demand for a tradeable entry into these shares, a derivative version of this index was launched a few months later. The Nedbank South African Junior Mining & Exploration Index Excluding Dual Listed Shares (NSJMEX) was constructed mainly to satisfy forex regulations of the Reserve Bank regarding constraints on inward dual listed shares and derivative products.

Listings from all the JSE’s boards qualify, but Top40 Index constituents (or similar-sized stocks) and companies controlled by other JSE-listed companies, are excluded. The index was designed as a performance benchmark and, because of low liquidity, it is not recommended for use as an investable product.

The Department of Mineral Resources believes small-scale mining has an important role to play in community upliftment, job creation and poverty alleviation. It is developing a new approach to maximise the impact of small-scale mining, with particular focus on poverty nodal points with mining potential, intended to contribute meaningfully towards the livelihood of these communities.

There are many challenges, however, such as a lack of access to finance and markets, shortage of skills and inadequate or non-compliance with regulatory requirements.

Historically, small-scale mining has comprised mainly alluvial diamond and in-land salt mining, but more recently the bulk of the demand for small-scale mining ventures has been associated with industrial commodities, such as slate, sand, clay, sandstone, dolerite and granites for the production of infrastructural development products such as tiles, clay and cement bricks, aggregates.

These activities should not be confused with illegal mining, which is mining in the absence of land rights, mining licence, exploration or mineral transportation permit or of any document that could legitimate the on-going operations. Illegal mining by single individuals or groups in abandoned mines is an ongoing hazard.

Environmentally responsible

Through the implementation of more stringent regulations, South Africa's mining industry has become safer as well as more socially and environmentally conscious.

Companies are required to allow for environmental trust funds and rehabilitation of disturbed land.

There is also a R70-million project in place to solve the legacy problem of acid mind drainage.

Sources:

Chamber of Mines
Statistics South Africa
South African Yearbook
Department of Mineral Resources
Department of Trade and Industry
South African Investors Handbook
BuaNews
Oxford Business Group

Lorraine Kearney, SouthAfrica.info reporter

Reviewed: 8 August 2012