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Black economic empowerment

South Africa's policy of black economic empowerment (BEE) is not simply a moral initiative to redress the wrongs of the past. It is a pragmatic growth strategy that aims to realise the country's full economic potential while helping to bring the black majority into the economic mainstream.

• Realising the country's full potential
• Towards broad-based growth
• BEE objectives
• BEE codes and scorecard
• Equity Equivalent Investment Programme for multinationals
• More information

In the decades before South Africa achieved democracy in 1994, the apartheid government systematically excluded African, Indian and coloured people from meaningful participation in the country's economy.

Realising the country's full potential

"Our country requires an economy that can meet the needs of all our economic citizens – our people and their enterprises – in a sustainable manner," the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) says in its BEE strategy document.

"This will only be possible if our economy builds on the full potential of all persons and communities across the length and breadth of this country."

Despite the many economic gains made in the country since 1994, the racial divide between rich and poor remains. As the DTI points out, such inequalities can have a profound effect on political stability:

"Societies characterised by entrenched gender inequality or racially or ethnically defined wealth disparities are not likely to be socially and politically stable, particularly as economic growth can easily exacerbate these inequalities."

• Download: The DTI's BEE strategy document [PDF]

Towards broad-based growth

Black economic empowerment – or broad-based black economic empowerment, as it is technically known – is not affirmative action, although employment equity forms part of it. Nor does it aim to take wealth from one group and give it to another. It is essentially a growth strategy, targeting the South African economy's weakest point: inequality.

"No economy can grow by excluding any part of its people, and an economy that is not growing cannot integrate all of its citizens in a meaningful way," the DTI says.

"As such, this strategy stresses a BEE process that is associated with growth, development and enterprise development, and not merely the redistribution of existing wealth."

Black economic empowerment is an important policy instrument aimed at broadening the economic base of the country – and through this, at stimulating further economic growth and creating employment.

The strategy is broad-based, as shown in the name of the legislation: the Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment Act of 2003. This reflects the government's approach, which is to "situate black economic empowerment within the context of a broader national empowerment strategy … focused on historically disadvantaged people, and particularly black people, women, youth, the disabled, and rural communities".

As the DTI notes, discrimination "is at its most severe when race coincides with gender and/or disability".

• Download: The B road Based Black Economic Empowerment Act of 2003 and the Amendment Bill of 2011 [PDF]

BEE objectives

Through its BEE policy, the government aims to achieve the following objectives:

• Empower more black people to own and manage enterprises. Enterprises are regarded as black-owned if 51% of the enterprise is owned by black people, and black people have substantial management control of the business.
• Achieve a substantial change in the racial composition of ownership and management structures and in the skilled occupations of existing and new enterprises.
• Promote access to finance for black economic empowerment.
• Empower rural and local communities by enabling their access to economic activities, land, infrastructure, ownership and skills.
• Promote human resource development of black people through, for example, mentorships, learnerships and internships.
• Increase the extent to which communities, workers, co-operatives and other collective enterprises own and manage existing and new enterprises, and increase their access to economic activities, infrastructure and skills.
• Ensure that black-owned enterprises benefit from the government's preferential procurement policies.
• Assist in the development of the operational and financial capacity of BEE enterprises, especially small, medium and micro enterprises (SMMEs) and black- owned enterprises.
• Increase the extent to which black women own and manage existing and new enterprises, and facilitate their access to economic activities, infrastructure and skills training.

BEE codes and scorecard

The Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment (B-BBEE) Codes of Good Practice emerged in 2007 to provide a standard framework for the measurement of BEE across all sectors of the economy.

• Download: The Codes of Good Practice on BEE

The codes require that all entities operating in the South African economy make a contribution towards the objectives of BEE.

The first phase of the codes encourages all entities, public and private, to implement proper BEE initiatives through the issuing of licences, concessions, sale of assets and preferential procurement.

The second phase of the codes covers the seven components of the B-BBEE scorecard, namely: ownership; management control; employment equity; skills development; preferential procurement; enterprise development; and socioeconomic development (including industry-specific and corporate social investment initiatives).

The Strategy on B-BBEE, released in 2003, assigns points values to the seven elements of the B-BBEE scorecard as follows:

B-BBEE SCORECARD
Element	Points
Ownership	20
Management control	10
Employment equity	10
Skills development	20
Preferential procurement	20
Enterprise development	10
Residual (sector determined)	10
TOTAL	100
Source: Strategy on B- BBEE

The B-BBEE Act of 2003 makes the codes binding on all state bodies and public companies, and the government is required to apply them when making economic decisions on:

• procurement,
• licensing and concessions,
• public-private partnerships, and
• the sale of state-owned assets or businesses.

Private companies must apply the codes if they want to do business with any government enterprise or organ of state – that is, to tender for business, apply for licences and concessions, enter into public-private partnerships, or buy state-owned assets.

Companies are also encouraged to apply the codes in their interactions with one another, since preferential procurement will affect most private companies throughout the supply chain.

Equity Equivalent Investment Programme for multinationals

The codes of good practice allow foreign multinational companies that do business in South Africa some flexibility in how they structure their empowerment deals.

In particular, the B-BBEE Codes of Good Practice acknowledge that there may be multinationals whose global practices prevent them from complying with the ownership element of B-BBEE through the traditional sale of shares to black South Africans.

In such cases, the codes allow for contributions in lieu of a direct sale of equity. These contributions, known as "equity equivalent" contributions, count towards the ownership element of B-BBEE.

The value of these contributions may be measured against 25% of the value of a multinational's South African operations, or against 4% of the total revenue from its South African operations annually over the period of continued measurement.

Foreign multinationals can submit proposals for Equity Equivalent Programmes to the Department of Trade and Industry for approval by the Minister of Trade and Industry.

• More information, including guidelines and application forms are available on the web page of the DTI's Equity Equivalent Secretariat

More information

The DTI has all the relevant documents and information on black economic empowerment available on a dedicated website at bee.thedti.gov.za. The site includes features such as:

• B-BBEE self assessment tool
• Step-by-step scorecard guide
• A B-BBEE registry
• A library of key documents, including legal documents and industry charters

SAinfo reporter

Sources: Department of Trade and Industry, the South Africa Yearbook

Reviewed: 19 April 2013